Bird flu, also known as avian influenza, is a viral infection that primarily affects birds but can occasionally spread to humans through close contact with infected birds or surfaces contaminated by their saliva, mucus or feces.
Every year, we hear about hundreds of cases of this where the bird flu virus manages to jump species and infect a human host. It then triggers a severe and potentially life-threatening response in the body.
This week, the World Health Organization (WHO) confirmed that an infection was detected in a four-year-old child in West Bengal, caused by the H9N2 virus. This is the second case caused by the same strain of virus in India.
Bird flu can have a significant impact on public health, leading to long-term health consequences for those affected. Dr Jagadish J Hiremath, a public health expert, explains the effects of bird flu on the human body.
Initial symptoms of bird flu in humans
Bird flu, caused by strains such as H5N1, presents with symptoms that can be more severe than those of the common flu, says Dr Hiremath. “Initial symptoms include high fever, cough, sore throat, muscle aches, and fatigue. Unique to bird flu, you may also experience eye infections (conjunctivitis), pneumonia, severe respiratory distress, nausea, abdominal pain, diarrhea, and vomiting. These additional gastrointestinal symptoms help differentiate bird flu from the seasonal flu.”
Effects on the respiratory system and potential complications
“Bird flu primarily impacts the respiratory system,” Dr Hiremath asserts. The virus attacks the respiratory tract, leading to severe symptoms such as difficulty breathing, chest pain, and a high risk of pneumonia. Common complications include:
– Pneumonia: A severe lung infection that can be life-threatening.
– Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS): Fluid buildup in the lungs that prevents adequate oxygen from reaching the bloodstream.
– Secondary Bacterial Infections: Such as bacterial pneumonia, compounding the severity of the illness.
– Sepsis: A life-threatening reaction to infection leading to organ failure.
– Meningoencephalitis: Inflammation of the brain and surrounding tissues, causing neurological symptoms.
Long-term health impact
The long-term impact of bird flu depends on infection severity and treatment timing. Dr Hiremath says that potential long-term effects include:
Chronic Respiratory Issues: Damage from severe pneumonia or ARDS can lead to ongoing breathing difficulties.
Heart Problems: Myocarditis can lead to long-term cardiovascular issues.
Neurological Complications: Lingering neurological symptoms such as cognitive deficits or motor dysfunctions may occur.
Psychological Impact: Surviving a severe illness can lead to mental health issues like anxiety and PTSD.
Most effective treatments
Dr Hiremath says, “Treatment for bird flu includes antiviral medications such as oseltamivir (Tamiflu), peramivir (Rapivab), and zanamivir (Relenza). These are most effective when taken early in the illness. Supportive care like hydration, oxygen therapy, and mechanical ventilation in severe cases is critical. Antibiotics may be used to treat secondary bacterial infections.”
What to do when you have bird flu?
If bird flu is suspected, Dr Hiremath advises individuals to seek medical attention immediately. Here are steps to mitigate the risk:
*Avoid Contact with Infected Birds: Stay away from areas with known outbreaks and avoid handling sick or dead birds.
*Personal Protective Equipment (PPE): Use gloves, masks, and protective clothing when handling birds or cleaning contaminated areas.
*Hygiene Practices: Wash hands thoroughly with soap and water after any potential exposure, and disinfect surfaces and equipment.
*Vaccination: While there is no universal vaccine for bird flu, seasonal flu vaccines and specific antiviral medications can provide some level of protection.
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First uploaded on: 14-06-2024 at 13:15 IST