Immunity cover, July 2024. Credit: Ward6
Professor Hunt said: “By identifying the brain as the primary source of the harmful interferon-alpha and revealing its damaging effects on the brain’s small blood vessels, we have uncovered a potential target for urgently needed treatments.”
This pathological process inspired the front cover image of the July issue of Immunity.
Leaves, like the human brain, have tiny, delicate microvasculature networks which maintain a healthy state. The devastating neurological changes mediated through cytokine-driven microvascular disease are depicted as a leaf changing from green to autumnal brown. The image was created by Ben Gartland, Grant Foster, and Holly Philip of the creative agency Ward6.
Methods and findings
Through comparing samples of cerebrospinal fluid from people with AGS to healthy controls, the researchers established that the brain itself is the source of harmful interferon-alpha in AGS. They then used a mouse model to replicate the over production of interferon-alpha, and revealed that the protein causes damage to the network of small blood vessels in the brain.
The team were able to show that removing interferon-alpha receptors from endothelial cells prevented the blood vessel damage in the brains of the mice, stopping the spread of the disease and prolonging the lifespan of the animals.
Impact
These results suggest that the small blood vessels in the brain play a key role in the damage seen in AGS, making them a potential target for treatment.
Professor Hunt said: “Our research provides important new insights into how Aicardi-Goutières syndrome leads to brain disease in children.
“These findings bring us closer to developing therapies that could significantly improve the quality of life and outcomes for children affected by this devastating condition.”
Associate Professor Hofer has focused on neuroinflammatory diseases for the last two decades. His research aims to better understand pathological mechanisms and how they can be utilised to develop new treatments for patients.
The Hofer lab has established a unique transgenic mouse model that recapitulates many of the key features seen in patients with Aicardi-Goutières syndrome (AGS). AGS is part of a larger group of disorders collectively termed ‘cerebral interferonopathies’, that all involve the chronic overproduction of a pro-inflammatory molecule, interferon-alpha.
Findings from this study will also have a broader impact on our understanding of how interferon-alpha mediates disease.
Declaration
Research funding was provided by the National Health and Medical Research Council; Wellcome Trust, Medical Research Foundation, Connect Immune, European Research Council, UK Dementia Research Institute, UK Medical Research Council, Alzheimer’s Society, Alzheimer’s Research UK.
Ethics approval was granted by University of Sydney Human Research Ethics Committee; the University of Sydney Animal care and Ethics Committee. All animal experiments were performed in compliance with the NSW Animal Research Act and its associated regulations and the 2013 NHMRC ‘Australian code of practice for the care and use of animals for scientific purposes’.